Thursday, December 26, 2019

Personal Ethics Paper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1155 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Personal Ethics Development Constant Monroe University of Colorado PHL/325 Johnny Baskin January 26, 2010 Personal Ethics Development I make ethical decisions every day in my personal and professional lives. Some are easily made and others require some reflecting on the basis of the decision. Ethics is sometimes used interchangeable with values by some people. Pfeiffer Forsberg (2000) defines values â€Å"as principles that help us make decisions implementing the ethical point of view (p. 6. ). My ethical beliefs were forming over the years. I had several influences, parents, job, life experiences, and the environment in which I was exposed. My ethical beliefs are constantly being developed through training and experiences Organizations need ethical principles. According to Guido (2003), ethics provides structure for placing conduct into action. Define Ethics: Guido said â€Å"Many people envision ethics as dealing solely with principles of morality— that which is good or desirable as opposed to that which is bad or undesirable† (p. 2. ). Barrocas, Yarbrough, Becnel, Nelson (2003), defines ethics as a system or philosophy of conduct and principles, whereas morals give the boundaries for acceptable behavior. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Ethics Paper" essay for you Create order Trevino Nelson ( 2007), defines ethics as â€Å"a set of moral principles or values,† a definition that portrays ethics as highly personal and relative. Personal Ethics: Ethics plays an important part in peoples everyday lives. As we think about what ethics is, it will help us to understand why it is needed in every workforce and how it affects us as a person. When I think about ethics and the standards used to judge right or wrong of people’s behavior they might have toward others always reminds me to be ethical and fair. The relativism aspect of my ethics started with teachings from my parents. My mother taught me always to treat others in the same way I would want them to treat me. Morals become a part of a person as he or she grows to exercise in his or her everyday living. My parents had 13 children, I am in the middle. My father was a smoker, but he forbade us from smoking. Two of my older brothers sneaked and smoked well until they were considered grown. As a younger sibling, my humanistic instinct let me know that certain rules were there just to be followed and not tested. It was instilled in us to say yes sir and no maam, this was rights-based. Today children are taught to say yes or no, but my children are teaching their children to say yes sir and no sir. My teaching for knowing right from wrong started at home, reading the bible, going to church and my interactions in school, my community, and my work helped build my morals, values, and ethical system. I use my underlying ethical system to model and effectively make ethical decisions. An ethical dilemma that I faced October, 2007 when I was interim department unit director sometimes creeps into my mind. I was challenged in that position because I became boss over the people I worked with instantly. My character and ethical business behavior are what helped me to succeed as a unit director among my peers. One of my coworkers had to be coached, mentored, sent to an eight hour computer class and gave one-on-one tutoring to help her with accurate and proficient documentation. The problem was that this registered nurse never adapted to EeMR (electronic medical record). She was an older nurse, that’s not the reason though, I am one also. The pieces were not clicking, a numerous amount of her work was going undocumented. This behavior was ongoing when the previous director was here. Her insufficiency became more apparent as we started on our magnet journey. The other staff members were frustrated for a long time but were not empowered to do anything about it. I sent her to the new employee computer class; I did on to one tutoring. When she was told that she didn’t document something, she would swear that it was done and she didn’t know why someone was out to get her. I started printing the pages of the undocumented work. She was making numerous medication errors also. Some of the patients were afraid to have her as their nurse. They said she took a long time to operate the pumps for their fluids and medicines. I had a duty base to the patients and an entitlement base to her to do what was necessary for the best outcome for all. I made a decision to ask her to retire or she could risk being fired. Human resources had enough evidence to let her go instantly. The criteria and decision- making factors I used in helping me to make sound ethical decisions are: recognizing a problem, developing an alternative course of action, evaluating all of the advantages and disadvantages that occurs, and mplementing the evaluated decision results. Organizations need ethics in order to achieve its direction and goals. The company’s message according to Damon (2004) â€Å"must have a center that holds a moral center that addresses the company’s responsibilities to the entire community of stakeholders, a center that has an interest in how the company operates† (p. 31). According to Treveno Nelson (2007), à ¢â‚¬Å"work settings, leaders, managers, and the entire cultural context are an important source of this influence and guidance. If, as managers, we allow employees to drift along without our guidance, we’re unintentionally allowing them to be â€Å"controlled† by others† (p. 11. ). A person who doesn’t apply their inward principles with that of the organization will have a fragmented life in which certain aspects of his or her conduct will be in disharmony with his/her performance. Trevino Nelson (2007) point was well taken when they said â€Å"ethical problems are not caused entirely by bad apples. They’re also the product of â€Å"bad barrels†Ã¢â‚¬â€organizational systems that either encourage unethical behavior or merely allow it to occur† (p. 9. ). Conclusion All of life’s experiences help to shape our ethical principles. Our character, morals, and values which were all formed from upbringing and the accumulation of values that are transmitted by schools, families, friends, work, environment, and religion. At my place of work, we have an ethical duty to our coworkers and the organization to hold each other accountable. Management must take responsibility for the messages it sends positive or negative about what’s expected (Trevino Nelson, 2007). References Barrocas, A. ,Yarbrough, G. , Becnel, P. , Nelson, J. E. (2003). Ethical and legal issues in utrition support of the geriatric patient: The can, should, and must of nutrition support. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 37–47. Damon, W. (2004). The Moral Advantage: How to succeed in business by doing the right thing. San Francisco, CA Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. Guido, G. (2006). Legal and Ethical Issues in Nursing. (4th ed. ). Prentice Hall Pfe iffer, R. Forsberg, R. (2000). Ethics on the Job. (2nd ed. ). Wadsworth Publishing Company. Trevino, L. K. , Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing Business Ethics. Straight Talk About How to do it Right. (4th ed. ). John Wiley Sons

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Political Campaign Contributions Is Not A New Practice

Bribing government officials running for office by way of political campaign contributions is not a new practice. A business donates a significant amount of money to a politician who then gives them a government contract they want in return whether it be monetary gain by way of the taxpayer or allowing them to break laws for the sake of their business. These practices come out of the pockets of taxpayers and many politicians serve jail time for them. There are several regulations put in place by the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board and by individual states. Recent studies in the past year, one done by Harvard University, have both suggested and concluded that the United States of America is no longer a democracy, but an oligarchy. An oligarchy is a form of government in which the richest people have the most power. It dates back to the time of the first colonies. Part of the United States being reclassified as an oligarchy may be due to the amount of government bribes the nation has going on at the present time. In the last presidential election in 2012, there was talk about large corporations giving the political candidates campaign contributions in order to buy them and it is a commonly discussed topic as of this day. Bribes given to the government are common in underdeveloped countries where the government is corrupt as this is an example of a corrupt practice. All levels of government from federal down to local have been caught in some sort ofShow MoreRelatedPolitical Scandals During The Twentieth Century986 Words   |  4 PagesCo rruption in campaigns, in the modern sense of candidates being swayed by corporate influence, was a result of the changes brought on by the Industrial and Technological Revolutions. 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The Hatch Act of 1939 passed following several big corruption cases involving the burgeoning post-New Deal bureaucracy, and was aimed at theRead MoreHistory Of The Campaign Finance1464 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of The Campaign-Finance in the U.S Campaign finance in the United States is the financing of electoral campaigns at the federal, state, and local levels. At the federal level, campaign finance law is enacted by Congress and enforced by the Federal Election Commission (FEC), an independent federal agency. Although more campaign spending is privately financed, public financing is available for qualifying candidates for President of the United States during both the primaries and the generalRead MoreCampaign Finance Debate770 Words   |  4 Pages General Information The debate about campaign finance reform is not a new problem but has a long history of change. The first major debate over campaign finance arose from Andrew Jackson’s spoils system. During Andrew Jackson’s 1828 term, he would give out positions in his office to those who supported him during the election. The practice would inadvertently lead to the assassination of President James Garfield and create the first law that placed a restraint on relationships between donorsRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform and the Necessity of Democracy Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesCampaign Finance Reform and the Necessity of Democracy One of the major notions of the American system of government is that it is a government by the people, for the people. The system is supposed to take into account the opinions and desires off all those who fall under its jurisdiction. This is said to be accomplished by a representative democracy, where citizens elect one of there own to speak for the group (Hastings, 04). Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that any eligible manRead MoreWhat Is Campaign Finance Reform?1342 Words   |  6 PagesOverview What is Campaign Finance Reform? Campaign finance regulation refers to attempts to regulate the ways in which political campaigns are funded. This includes all spending done to promote or support the promotion of candidates, ballot measures, political parties and more. Regulations can be applied to natural persons, corporations, political action committees, political parties and other organizations. They can come in the form of incentives, such as providing public financing to candidatesRead MoreCons Of Political Campaign Financing1395 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Campaign Financing Political campaign financing refers to all finances that have been raised and expended in order to promote political candidates, parties, and initiatives. According to a survey conducted in November 2018, when questioned â€Å"Do you know what political campaign financing is?† approximately 50% of respondents answered yes, 27% answered no and 23% answered that they had heard of it. The same survey relayed that only 4% of participants had positive views, 35% had negative viewsRead MoreInternal Controls And Compliance Of The Metropolitan Council1050 Words   |  5 PagesA board audit committee would have provided oversight of the financial management process, while strengthening the system of internal controls and compliance with the law. According to the case study, Rapfogel’s wife Judy was the Chief of Staff to New York State Assemblyman Sheldon Silver and the Met Council received million dollar grants from the Albany legislators, which was a conflict of interest and no one reported it. Conflict situations include participating in the provision of a contractRead MoreAmeric The People, For The Corporations1738 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate money in politics has become an increasingly prominent issue in the political spectrum of the United States after the 2010 Citizens United Supreme Court decision which lifted the cap on political contributions from corporations, thus increasing the influence companies have on the US electoral process (Shekar 71). This controversial court case brought the issue of non-voter influence on elected officials to the political stage and gave worry to many Americans who sought equal representation inRead MoreA Speech On National Convention1403 Words   |  6 PagesNational convention A meeting of party delegates elected in state primaries, caucuses, or convenions hat is held eery four years. Its primary purpose is to nominate presidential andvice-presidential candidates and to ratify a campaign platform National commitee A committee of delegats from state and territory tat runs party affairs between national conventions National chairman A paid, full-time manager of a party s day-to-day work who is elected by the national committe Super-delegates Party leaders

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Effects of Visual Merchandising in Woolworths †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Visual Merchandising in Woolworths. Answer: Effects of Visual Merchandising in Woolworths Limited Visual merchandising is a technology used by many business people to attract customers to buy their products or to use their services by just creating a good impression to them through that technology. This method of merchandising has been adopted by many companies so as to create an impression to many customers and hence increase profits. The visual merchandising has a direct impact on the sales of goods and hence retailers who use this method have a high chance of selling their goods more than those who use other methods (Simondi et al. 2014). This method dates back in 1900 when a company called marshall shifted its business from wholesale to retail (Riecken et al. 2016). After the shift from wholesale to retail, this company saw it necessary to display their products in a manner which could attract many customers. They put the display on the windows or on the wall outside the business sites to attract customers. From that time, many businesses attracted the method and hence started using it to promote their businesses. Due to the development of this method of creating awareness to customers, this study will focus on looking for the effects of the method either negative or positive. The study will be done at Woolworths limited company. It will be based on customers so as to get the best results and make good recommendations which are reliable. Project objectives The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of visual merchandising for products. The following are the other objectives of the study. To evaluate the attitude of customers towards merchandising of products To discuss the rate of growth of retails which use visual merchandising To evaluate the role of visual merchandising in retails To estimate customers who basically buy products due to merchandising Research questions What is the effect of visual merchandising for products? What is the attitude of customers towards merchandising of products? What is the rate of growth of retails which use visual merchandising for their products? What is the role of visual merchandising in retails? What is the percentage of customers who basically buy products due to visual merchandising? Project scope This study will be carried out at Woolworths limited. This company has been chosen because it is one of the leading retails in Australia and has also extended to New Zealand. Since this company is a leading company and covers greater geographical area in Australia, it will be the best company to base the study on since during data collection the researcher will encounter different customers from different parts of the world. The researcher will also be able to interact with the employees of the company hence know how they carry out visual merchandising so as to attract many customers. This will lay a foundation for further research and reliable recommendations. Literature review Visual merchandising refers to anything which can be seen by the customers either inside a store or outside the store and which creates an impression about the products which are in the store (Valiulis et al. 2015). The display affects the attitude of the customer either positively or negatively and it is the one which makes the customer make a decision whether to buy a given product or not to buy it. One consumer can be affected negatively by a certain display while another can be affected positively by the same display hence it depends on the perspective of the customer towards the display. Factors to consider while carrying out visual merchandising There are many factors which should be considered while carrying out visual merchandising. The following discussion will summarize some of the factors to consider. Colors Colors are one of the main factors which should consider while carrying out visual merchandising. Different people have a different feeling towards different colors. One person can see red color as pleasant hence making him or her purchase a product which is advertised in that color. Another person can decline to buy the same product due to the color used to advertise it. There is a need for the retailers to carry out a research so as to know which colors attract customers more hence use them to carry out the display of the products so as to attract those many customers. The color also depends on the type of product which is being displayed and also its purpose and the targeted consumers. Simplicity The display should be kept simple and clear for the customers to see well. Dim displays make customers have negative impressions about the product (Kurmar and Mishra 2016). The retailers should make sure that the visual display is not dim and does not have pictures which create a bad impression about the product. Grouping The products to be displayed should be grouped in an organized manner. The retailers should not display items which are not related as they will not create a good impression to the consumers. The products should be shown and not talked about (Banol et al. 2016). Items which are similar should be put in the same place so as to show how they will look like if a customer purchases them. Be specific During the display, one should be specific and direct to the product and its benefits to the consumers (Shagal et al. 21016). The display should be designed in a way which shows both the benefit and the cost associated with the product. This helps in creating an impression to the customers since they are able to directly know how they will benefit from the product. Tag price The price of the product should be tagged on the product to make sure all the customers are able to see it. This will make them feel free to ask why it is sold at that price unlike when the customers need to be told the price. Price displayed is more appealing than the price which customers have to be told (Zentes et al. 2017). Challenges of visual merchandising The main challenge which is faced in visual merchandising is the main components of implementation. The following discussion will highlight some of those components and how they pose a challenge to the retailers. Attention-grabbing displays are one of the components which pose a challenge to the retailers during visual merchandising. To come up with displays which attract the attention of the customers is not an easy task. This is because the display can be appealing to some customers and at the same time it can create a bad impression to another customer. This makes the decision of how to make the displays a great challenge. Costs associated with the visual merchandising are another challenge for the process. The retailers can pay a lot of money for specialized people to come up with a good display which will attract people only to end up getting a display which does not impress the customers. Proper research should be done to make sure that the colors used for the display are appealing to the customers. Priorities given to visual merchandising is also another challenge for retailers. They have many issues to deal with like how to maintain profits in their industries and how they can handle employees to get the best out of them. In that process, they end up forgetting visual merchandising which is very important in attracting customers hence the retails may not have significant growth. Retailers also dont value the impact of visual merchandising hence the customers may not be able to know the products which are in the market. This may lead to low sales which will contribute to low profits. Research gaps There are many research gaps related to visual merchandising. The following discussion will highlight some of those gaps. The discussion will lay a base for areas which need further research. Time allocation Many scholars have suggested different times which should be spent on carrying out visual Merchandising. However, they dont give out the reasons for the suggested time and hence there is need to carry out an extensive research which will outline the main reasons for different timelines. Colors Displays of visual merchandising create different impacts to different people. Researchers have commented that some colors may lead to customers failing to buy a certain product. However, there are no reasons why those colors create either positive impacts to certain people and create negative impacts to other people. Why do people love colors and they are just paints also remains unknown. The reasons why products which are associated with certain religion also remain un researched. Effects of visual merchandising Extensive research has not also been done regarding the effects of visual merchandising. The already existing research has only be based on the impressions which visual merchandising has towards customers but not the level of impacts either positive or negative towards the consumers. Proper research should be done to know the level and this research is based on all those gaps so as to give out recommendations which will make it more valid. Research design and methodology Research methodology is a well-defined procedure which is scientific based and uses statistical methods to carry out an investigation about a problem or a claim (Wiek and Lang 2016). The research design is a conceptual frame work within a research is conducted. It gives a blueprint for data collection and analysis. This section will explain how the study will be carried out. Type of research This research will be a quantitative research. Quantitative research is an empirical process of investigation which is based on numerical data and is carried out using statistical methods (Mackey and Gass 2015). There are twelve parts of quantitative research. The following section will discuss the twelve sections. The first step of quantitative research is the formulation of the research problem. In this step, the researcher comes up with the problem which he or she wants to do research on. The problem should be researchable and should be able for one to collect empirical data (Mc Millan and Schumarcher 2014). The second step of this study is a formulation of the objectives of the study. The researcher comes up with objectives which will guide the research and should be met at the end of the study. Those objectives should be in line with the literature review gaps and they also rhyme with the research questions and the topic under study (Neuman and Robson 2014). The next step is the scope of the project whereby the researcher gives out the specific area where the study will be carried on and give justification why he chose the specified area and not any other place. The next step is literature review where the researcher reviews the already existing literature on the topic under study. This gives the researcher a solid background about the topic and also makes him or her be able to know the research gaps in the topic under study (Claydon 2015). The next step is research methodology where the researcher comes up with the formula which will be used to carry out the study. The research methodology should be scientific and should use statistical and mathematical methods. The next step is whereby the researcher explains the kind of the research he or she will carry out. There are two types of study either quantitative or qualitative. The researcher explains the type of research and why he or she will carry out that type of research. The next step is the method of data collection where the researcher explains the kind of data he or she will collect based on the type of the study (Yegidis et al. 2017). There follows the step of data analysis. In this step the researcher transforms the collected data into information. The next step is the step of communicating the findings of the research whereby the researcher gives out the details of the research findings after data analysis. The last step, is the step of recommendation whereby the researcher makes recommendations based on the analyzed data. Target population This research will be carried on Woolworths limited. The researcher will seek permission from the administration to carry out the study. The target population will be the customers who will be coming to the retail. The researcher will give a designed questionnaire for them to fill. Sampling and sample size The researcher will not use any sampling method to select the sample size of the study. This is because customers do not come at the retail all at once hence it will be hard to use sampling procedures. However, the researcher will collect data from 300 consumers who will be coming to the retail for a period of one week. The participants will be given a questionnaire to fill and once the sample size is reached the researcher will stop the process of data collection. Instrumentation Questionnaires will be the main tool for data collection. A questionnaire is well-structured document which contains questions about a given topic under study and whose main work is to collect data for that specified topic (Barnham 2015). There are many advantages associated with using questioners for data collection. One of the advantages is that it saves time as many participants can fill it at once hence saving time. Also, questioners have specific questions which are directly related to the topic under study hence the data collected is reliable and not biased. Due to these advantages, the researcher has decided to use questionnaires as the main tool for data collection. Research limitations This research has some limitations associated with it. One of the main limitations of this study that the customers may not be willing to participate hence some important data may be left out. Also, the time to carry out the study very limited hence the researcher may not have humble time to comprehensively carry out the study. The study will only access impacts visual merchandising and will not discuss how different retails have solved some challenges concerning the visual merchandising hence it is limited in scope. Time schedule This study will be carried out for a period of two months. the following table will summarize the time schedule of the study. First month first week 1. Evaluation of the theoretical part of the study 2. Understanding the theory related to the study second week 1. Designing the questioners Third week 1. Data collection fourth week 1. Evaluating the data collected second month first week 1. Data analysis second week 1. Data analysis third week 1. Communication of the findings fourth week 1. Recommendations Conclusion This research will be focus on the impacts of visual merchandising. The discussion of the attitudes of customers based on the level of visual merchandising will also be discussed. This will lay a base for other researchers to know how they should carry out the process of visual merchandising. Also, the growth rate of retails which use visual merchandising will be discussed to evaluate if they have a high growth rate than those who dont use or it is vice versa. This will give other retails to make a decision on whether to use the method or not to use. The role of visual merchandising will also be discussed so as to make sure all the retails have a solid background about the method. This discussion will create insights on the and hence lead good decisions of those people who use this method as a way of attracting customers. It will also give out recommendations of what should be done to improve the level of visual merchandising. Bibliography Baos, R., Baos, R., Wandosell, G., Wandosell, G., Parra, M.C. and Parra, M.C., 2016. Web GIS to enhance relational capital: the case of general merchandise retailers.Journal of Knowledge Management,20(3), pp.578-593. Barnham, C., 2015. Quantitative and qualitative research: Perceptual foundations.International Journal of Market Research,57(6), pp.837-854. Claydon, L.S., 2015. Rigour in quantitative research.Nursing Standard,29(47), pp.43-48. kumar Mishra, A. and Mishra, P.P., 2016. " Lift the veil to sell" Concept to Visual Merchandising.Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics,3(1), pp.50-80. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. McMillan, J.H. and Schumacher, S., 2014.Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry. Pearson Higher Ed. Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2014.Basics of social research. Pearson Canada. Riecken, G., Yavas, U. and Battle, C., 2016. Pre-owned merchandise buying: a neglected retailing phenomenon. InProceedings of the 1979 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 58-61). Springer, Cham. Shagal, S., Shagal, G. and Sharma, A., 2016. KEYWORDS Visual Merchandising, Retail, Colour, Lighting, Space, Product Information.VISUAL MERCHANDISING: A KEY ELEMENT IN RETAIL INDUSTRY, (110). Simondi, R., Hovel, D. and Hovel, R., Rubicon, Inc., 2014.Merchandise display system and method. U.S. Patent 8,657,391. Valiulis, T.E. and Sisney, S.W., Southern Imperial, Inc., 2015.Retail merchandise display strip. U.S. Patent D723,845. Wiek, A. and Lang, D.J., 2016. Transformational sustainability research methodology. InSustainability Science(pp. 31-41). Springer Netherlands. Yegidis, B.L., Weinbach, R.W. and Myers, L.L., 2017.Research methods for social workers. Pearson. Zentes, J., Morschett, D. and Schramm-Klein, H., 2017. Retail Branding and Positioning. InStrategic Retail Management(pp. 185-206). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Political and Economic Effect on Mass Media free essay sample

Mass media are important functions of political literacy of citizens and an important channel of political communication (Louw,2010). Without Internet, television, newspapers and magazines, even well-educated people can not properly navigate the complex mosaic of conflicting political processes to make responsible decisions. Media allow them to think outside the box directly to individual experience doing foreseeable world politics, but through the prism of their own vision of political reality. However, there are powers that can affect mass media and it’s content. Media content can be affected by political and economic factors in these ways: the articulation of the public interest, government control on the media, political way of communication with society, economic environment. Therefore, the aim of the essay is to theorize, explain and provide concrete examples of how media can be affected by economic and political factors. Media content is the basis of modern operation policy as citizens receive political information, form their own political views and beliefs, and are able to influence the functioning of the government largely due to the media. We will write a custom essay sample on Political and Economic Effect on Mass Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A. Sen (1999) in his book â€Å"Development as Freedom† noted about political communication what involves not one-sided signals from the elite to the masses, and the whole range of informal communication processes in society that have a very different impact on policy. Louw divided political practice into two types: elite politics and mass politics. â€Å"Elite politics is aimed to make a policy while mass politics is a mass audience that can be manipulated, directed and distracted† (2010,pp. 16). Unfortunately, elite politics can abuse the power it has on hiding the truth. As example can be used an accident happened with a famous journalist Anna Politovskaya. She was writing truth about â€Å"Dirty War† between Russian and Chechnya, while Vladimir V. Putin was a president of Russia, and was killed in 7 of October 2006 by the murder who is yet unknown (NYtimes, 2009). At the turn of XXI century we can see a tendency to use media for political campaign and president elections to affect people’s choice. The 2009 Presidential election, Obama’s spin-team directed by campaign advisor of Barak Obama -David Axelrod, developed enormously expensive full spectrum campaign using all options including political marketing techniques and mass media. Obama’s team promoted the concept that not voting for Obama translated into racial discrimination (Louw,2010). The budget of 3 million dollars was spent for the online mass media. More than 1800 videos, audience could watch in Youtube (Croteau, Hoynes and Milan, 2012), and one of the most popular music videos with celebrities, which over 24 million people watched, called â€Å"Yes We Can† (WeCan08 2008). On the other hand, elite politics usually do beneficial laws and regulations for audience by creating restrictions and boundaries on media such as controlling the censorship in videos, radio stations, news and publications. Censorship is the limitation of speech or other ways of communication, which can be identified as harmful and sensitive and controlled by government or other controlling body (censorshipinamerica, n. d. ). The video â€Å" The Innocence of Muslims†, which brought lots of sparking riots, was blocked in Youtube by some countries. In other countries due to this video governments banned Youtube. York, 2012). Another example is that Chinese government spends huge amount of resources into controlling censorship in the online media content available to its citizens (Chen, 2011). Some governments blocks online media or tv media for their citizens due to specific reasons. The Chinese Government blocked access to Google due to the top popularity among users (BBCnews, 2002). Political actions between specific countries and the hostile international relations, which later can be a part of the history, are important factors that can affect media content. As example might be used an impact of terrorism on mass media. Terrorism is an action of using violence, danger to fright or to force usually for political interest ( Seib and Janbek, 2011). The terrorist attack that killed nearly 3000 people at the World Trade Center and Pentagon on 11th September 2001 and declaration of the war in Afganistan (BBC, n. d. ) influenced media in a whole world. When George W. Bush blamed Al Qaida terrorist network created by Osama bin Laden about 9/11 attack ( Seib and Janbek, 2011), the media oozed hatred calling for anti Arab and Muslim people. The word â€Å"Jidahist† was highlighted in newspapers. As P. Bergen and J. Rowland wrote, the meaning of the word â€Å"Jidahist† is terrorist associated with or motivated by Al Qaeda (Bergen amp; Rowland, 2012). Sumbul Ali-Karamali in the CNN blog wrote a post about American Muslim’s lives in fear after 9/11 2001 (Ali-Kamarali, 2012). These political-historical time and religion prejudice became the main motivation in 2010 to create a Bollywood movie with the famous actor Shahrukh Khan called â€Å"My name is Khan† (MNIK, n. d. ). This movie is about post 9/11 prejudice, and it carries an important essence that Muslim people are not â€Å"Jihadist† (funmuch, 2010). Therefore, Rizwan, the hero of that movie, wants to prove that if the name is Islamic doesn’t mean that he or she is a terrorist. Thus, he takes challenges to meet the president and say to him â€Å"My name is Khan and I am not a terrorist† (funmuch,2010). Media industry plays a significant role and also dominates in the market place. This business, as well as others, have competitors, earn profit, produce goods and sale these to the society. Without doubt the media firms and its content can be affected by economic factors such as size of the market, inflation, high fixed cost and economic growth (Sloman and Wride, 2009). The number of media outlets and industries mainly depend on increasing or decreasing of market size. Thus, markets with larger population have more different media products than less populated markets (GAO,2008). Therefore, in larger market there is a product differentiation that changes the media content. For example, mass media produces magazines narrowly targeted to any taste of audience such as Forbes business magazine, Cosmopolitan fashion magazine, Hit FM or Retro FM radio stations and others. Another factor of influencing the media industries is high fixed cost. Fixed cost is the cost of producing a single unit of production ignoring the total number produced (Sloman and Wride, 2009). Usually newspapers and cable television industries have high fixed cost and it may affect number of media products than media content (Albarran, 2002). Advertising income is important for the survival of media. Therefore, during inflation period advertising presence can dramatically decrease from the content of media, because inflation factor refers to a general rise in the level of prices for goods and services. During the inflation, media industries on the specific amount of money purchase less resources and goods than before (Albaraan, 2002). Advertising and economic growth are best friends in the market. Moreover, advertising is the one of demand determinants in economy (Albaraan, 2009). Society makes the choice for which goods and service to pay with the help of advertising. Nowadays, advertising is the power of economics. Greater supply of advertising in media content is usually inside of successful and popular media industries such as Cosmopolitan, Facebook, MTV channel and others. It follows people everywhere; in underground trains, newspapers, Internet, television, before movies and even inside movies. The advertising of branded goods or service placed inside movies, music, TV shows is called product placement. Companies pay lots of money to present their product inside of the Hollywood films( Croteau, Hoynes and Milan, 2012). For example Apple product placement can be found in movies such as â€Å"Sex in the City†, â€Å"Breaking Down, Twilight saga†, â€Å"Mission Impossible† and many others Hollywood movies and TV shows. It is clear to see that main tasks of media content in the policy are the motivation of people to certain political actions and controlling of transmitted information or censorship using media. Main economic factors of media content are size of the market and economic growth. Media content has great possibilities to influence the minds and feelings of the people in their way of thinking, methods and evaluation criteria, the style and the specific motivations of political behavior. Therefore, there are negative and positive possibilities of political and economic factors to manage information of media content. 434 words References Albaraan, A. (2002) Media economics. (2nd edition). Iowa: Iowa State Press. Ali-Kamarali, S. (2012). Opinion: American Muslim live in the fear 11 years after 9/11. 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